Apocalyptic Hope ....... 1 nato ...... 3 - US ..... 4 - norad ...... 5 -Theater Missile Defense ...... 6 --arms
Military Forces page 2
11
Categories :
1. NRF -- NATO
Response Force ( global mnf ... anywhere, immediately)
mnf -- multi national force
2.
EuroCorps ... 5 Nations; EDI European Defense Identity ;
standing army -- Strasburg, France
Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and
Spain.
3. EU "HARD CORP " --Feb. 18,
2008 ... "Special Intervention force " ... Defense
Elite
" French President Nicolas Sarkozy is
pushing to create an elite European defence force consisting of
forces from the six largest EU member states:
France, Germany, the
UK, Spain, Italy and Poland."
[ Ed: Germany-----the war machine of the world----is
now added;
Belgium and Luxembourg are cut; Italy ( who allied with Germany
in W W 2 ) and Poland are now added.]
"According to an outline of the plans presented in French
daily Le Figaro, each of the six countries
would contribute 10,000 troops for a special
intervention force." [ Ed: 60,000 strong ]
http://www.eux.tv/article.aspx?articleId=19880
Integrating all EU forces ..."common defense market "
"It is envisaged that the six countries
would adopt common rules for reinforced
co-operation, such as spending a minimum of two
percent of their GDP on defence, join a common defence equipment
market " [ Ed: Pool all their resources ]
Moreover, the elite group would commit to carry out joint security anti-terrorism projects, as
well as defence infrastructure
programmes, such as missile defence or space and intelligence
technology
"provision for "permanent
structured co-operation" which could establish a
legal link for the core defence project to be set up"
According to the commission, a common
defence market would significantly improve
the military capabilities of member states without increasing
defence expenditures
http://euobserver.com/9/25667
http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n133689
4. EU Rapid Reaction Force; non-standing army-- Brussels, Belgium
5. EDA European Defense Agency
6. ESDP European Security and Defense Policy
7. EGF European Gendarmerie Force ( Police with global reach )
8. KFOR -- Keeping Kososvo under outside authority and policing
9. COSI
10. EUMARFOR ( Maritime Navy )
11. US European Command
and also http://www.eucom.mil/english/Command/about.asp
These categories are described below:
1.
NATO RESPONSE FORCE ( NRF ) 25,000 strong
Decisions by North Atlantic Council
"The NATO Response Force (NRF) is a highly
ready and technologically advanced force made up of land, air,
sea and special forces components that
the Alliance can
deploy quickly wherever needed
It can number up to 25,000 troops and start to
deploy after five days’ notice and sustain itself for
operations lasting 30 days or longer if resupplied."
http://www.nato.int/issues/nrf/index.html
Ed: "the Alliance" would constitute a
multi-national-force ( mnf )
Deployable anywhere, any crisis
The response force is designed to integrate land,
air and maritime units poised to deploy around the world within
days for missions ranging from humanitarian relief and
peacekeeping to high-intensity warfare.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-11-29-nato-force_x.htm
NATO should work in
concert with the United Nations.
http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-07/2006-07-05-voa83.cfm
NATO Rapid Response Force --Nov. 2006
" The EU has decided to lean on the NATO
standards in the development of its crisis management
capabilities.
In the forthcoming years, the
EU will participate in NATO's and other international and
national exercises instead of organizing its own
separate military crisis management exercises. "
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/02/content_5353682.htm
NATO opens up all
airfields and ports to US military-- April 15, 2005
Scheffer's "Transformation"
"If we want to make it easier for
nations to contribute to our missions and operations we also need
to make better use of common funding. Some critical capabilities,
such as hospitals, airfields
and ports, aren’t just used by
individual nations. They are theatre-level
functions, and they should be eligible for
common funding. That is why we are developing funding mechanisms
that will ease the financial burden for nations providing these
critical capabilities for their Allies and
partners in the field. "
http://www.startribune.com/stories/1576/735891.html
US-
euroNATO Response Force ( offensive ) to rival euro army (E Rapid
Reaction Force) --June 2-2002
E-RRF to be peace keeping only ( defensive ) .. like un forces
The new, multinational forces would be drawn
primarily from Nato's European members but are also likely to
include American troops.
It is envisaged in Washington that the Euro-Nato
force would quickly relegate the fledgling EU rival ( Ed: RRF )
to mundane peace-keeping duties.
Most EU members are cutting defence, and lack
precision attack weapons, electronic warfare equipment,
intelligence equipment, missile defence and special forces.
Allied Rapid Reaction Corps ARRC ( non-standing army )
Nato already boasts Europe's only
fully-deployable mobile headquarters, the Allied
Rapid Reaction Corps, capable of directing up
to 60,000 troops and used in the Bosnia and Kosovo conflicts. [ Ed: mostly
German forces ]
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/06/02/warmy02.xml&sSheet=/news/2002/06/02/ixnewstop.html
RRB Rapid Reaction Brigade
CBRN
NATO-US
Alliance forms rapid reaction brigade
against WMD - Feb. 9, 2004
operational
by summer 04; led by Czech Republic
The unit, known as
the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense
Battalion (CBRN), was formed in December.
The battalion will operate both independently
and as part of the new NATO Response Force, a rapid deployment
force of up to 21,000 troops
http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040204-100140-3022r.htm
All
airfields and ports available to Allies
" On 4 October, NATO Allies
agreed to enhance bilateral and NATO
intelligence sharing, assist Allies that
face terrorist threats because of the counter-terror campaign, grant
blanket overflight clearances for US and other Allied aircraft
involved in counter-terror operations, and make airfields and
ports available to support operations against terror"
http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2002/issue1/english/opinion.html
Germany to double its rapid mnf -- April 24, 2006 .... 7,500 already
international
From July 1, 2006, we must have 6,600
soldiers ready for the NATO
Response Force," said Jung, a
member of Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservative Christian
Democratic Union party appointed minister in November. "From
January 1, 2007, another 1,300 soldiers have to be ready for the
EU's battle groups which must be deployed
within five days. Altogether, that is
over 15,000 soldiers
http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/23/news/berlin.php#
http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/23/news/berlin.php
NATO Reaction Force --Oct. 16, 2003
19 member alliance
Nato yesterday launched an elite
rapid-reaction force that will extend its
reach in the global fight against terrorism and
other threats.The Nato
Response Force, with an initial core
of 9,000 troops and backed by warships and fighter planes, was
inaugurated at the Northern Command,
marking an important departure for the
19-member alliance
http://straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/world/story/0,4386,214867,00.html ( no longer working)
NRF
--NATO Response Force --Oct. 8, 2003
More broadly, the ministers were discussing how to
transform an alliance created to defend Europe into one better
suited to meet threats that are less predictable and more likely
to arise outside Europe in ungoverned parts of the world.
The leading edge of that transformation is the NATO
Response Force, a force of some 15,000 to 20,000
ground troops as well as air and naval components that is being
formed to move a combat brigade quickly to world hot spots.
A ceremony formally establishing the unit is to be held October
15 in Brunssum, Netherland, and it is to have an initial
capability by next year
France, which is not a member of
NATO's military command structure, nonetheless will be one of
the major contributors of ground troops to the force.
US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld told reporters Tuesday the
NATO Response Force will give the alliance greater agility,
responsiveness and lethality.
http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,7506057%255E2703,00.html
October
15, 2003-NATO Rapid Response Unit officially begins for the first
time ever.
Deployable anywhere in the world in hours
Formal ceremony to be held in Brunssum, Netherlands
http://www.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,4057,7506824%255E1702,00.html
www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,7506057%255E2703,00.html
230,000
troops....350 combat aircraft....80 naval vessels
headquartered in Brussels, Belgium
Ready
in 5 Days, 30 day mimimum stay -- Nov. 30, 2003
"structured co-operation on defence
among European Union members states will not have minimum limits,
will be permanent, and will always be under the political control
of the Council of Ministers.
A protocol suggests certain criteria for taking part in an avant
garde of member states in defence such as being able, by 2007, to
mobilise troops within 5 to 30 days, particularly in response to
requests from the United Nations and to be able to maintain the
troops for an initial period of 30 days which could be prolonged
for up to at least 120 days. [ 4 months ]
It also says that those member states should co-operate, before
the Constitution goes into force [which will be 2006 at the
earliest], on goals concerning the level of defence expenditure.
http://euobs.com/?aid=13726&rk=1
"deal
with problems in hours"
"The task today is to be able to deal with
problems in hours or days, not weeks or months or years," Rumsfeld
said. "And the NATO Response Force is going
to be designed to do exactly that."
http://asia.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=3574572
NATO in tandem with US forces-- Oct. 8, 2003
WORLD FORCE ...including Muslim-Turkey
It will focus on the implications of
the new reaction force for Alliance
crisis management around the world.
"the creation of a new Nato reaction force
of 15-20,000 personnel, designed to react in days
rather than weeks or months to crises around the world. It is
meant to be fully up and running in 2006.
"It's significant", said the host, the US
Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3174790.stm
NATO's Rapid Reaction Force-- Oct. 8, 2003
The force is scheduled to go into service next
summer [ 2004] and be fully
operational in 2006. Plans call for the
alliance to be able to deploy a
brigade -- usually a military unit of about 5,000 members --
within five to 30 days, the official said.
The force would be the alliance's first standing
military contingent, able to rush to a crisis within
Europe or beyond
"New"
NATO : new structure, new leader and new location -- June 12, 2003
By 2004 at the latest, NATO hopes to have
a flexible 20,000-troop force that could be readied for
deployment anywhere in the world within
30 days.
A smaller amount
of highly mobile soldiers are supposed to be ready for action
within
five days after
received marching orders.
NATO officials want the new force to be able to respond to a
number of challenges, including global terrorism,
peacekeeping and more serious military engagements......
One of the biggest changes in its 54-year history
is its new willingness to take up missions beyond the borders
of the 19 member countries.
http://www.dw-world.de/english/0,3367,1430_A_891120,00.html
NATO
Rapid reaction Force--Nov 19-2002 (in 7 days)
The goal is to create a 20,000-strong
multinational stand-by force that could start moving
into trouble spots within seven
days and
independently sustain itself in round-the-clock battle for up to
30 days. Creation of a "9-1-1" force is the
latest effort;
Symbolic of the new world order, NATO
also is scheduled to invite seven Eastern European nations once
dominated by Soviet forces to join the alliance
NATO has 19 members: Belgium, Britain, Canada, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Spain, Turkey and the United States.
The NATO summit in Prague this week is expected to invite seven
additional nations -- Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia -- to join.
"If the United States wants Europeans to share the
responsibilities and risks of dealing with today's threats, it
must be prepared to transfer the technology needed to
modernize European armed forces," Robertson said,
adding that the United States must "remove the alibis."
Marine Corps Gen. James Jones, the incoming NATO
commander, said there are indications that European
allies are ready to do more.
http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/11/17/MN111299.DTL
EU Military Committee wants NATO Rapid Force (NRF) .... Oct 23,
2002
General Gustav Hägglund, the Finnish Chairman of the EU
Military Committee, strongly supports NATO’s plan to create
a Response Force, as he believes this would considerably increase
the military capabilities of NATO's European member states. Mr
Hägglund hopes that the whole EU would benefit from it, once it
has reached an agreement with NATO over the use of its European
forces.
The NATO Response Force, (NRF) would
be ready for training by October 2004 and operational two years
later.
[ operational by 2006 ]
It would operate out of NATO areas,
be capable of fighting alone for 30 days and be readily
deployable on short notice of between five and 30 days.
http://www.euobserver.com/index.phtml?aid=8090
NATO--RRF to be deployable in 1 week notice--Sept 22-2002
WASHINGTON, Sept. 20 (UPI) -- Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld
will ask NATO next week to create a combat-ready quick
reaction force that can respond to crises outside
the alliance's territory, senior
Pentagon and military officials said Friday.
Rumsfeld will make his proposal for a new Rapid Reaction Force, capable
of deploying within a week, at
Tuesday's NATO defense ministers' meeting in Warsaw, Poland.
http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20020920-030408-8985r
NATO ACE Mobile Force scrapped--Aug 15-2002
The alliance announced yesterday that the force
headquarters at Heidelberg, Germany, was to be closed down after
40 years and the remaining troops allocated to other Nato
commitments.
Britain's contribution to ACE Mobile included key support troops,
without which the 6,000-strong force could not operate. With no
other Nato member prepared to contribute more soldiers, the
alliance had no choice but to disband it.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/08/14/wnato14.xml&sSheet=/news/2002/08/14/ixnewstop.html
Quick NATO force deployable anywhere globally --- Sept 22-2002
The NATO Rapid Reaction Force
would be capable of conducting missions from non-combatant evacuation
to initial entry operations in a "hot" war
scenario. A defense official said the force envisioned
could amount to about 20,000 people, with about 3,000 ground
troops.
If NATO defense ministers give the green light to Rumsfeld's
proposals at a meeting Tuesday and Wednesday in Poland, the
19-member alliance could be transformed from a regional
self-defense organization into an offensive
military body with global reach.
NATO officials said there was a groundswell of support within the
alliance for a more mobile military force capable of intervening
in conflicts outside the
North Atlantic area.
"We have to be able to move quickly, far away and in
difficult terrain," one official told UPI.
The former British defense minister
[Lord Robertson] added: "You cannot defend cities now
on national frontiers. It's no longer realistic to think in those
terms anymore. So we need lighter, more rapidly deployable forces
- forces available at short notice."
Britain and Spain share Rumsfeld's and Robertson's vision.
However, France and Belgium believe a NATO force could jeopardize
the creation of a 60,000-strong EU rapid-reaction force that
is to be put together next year.
http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/9/22/104948.shtml
NATO
wants unimpeded power, globally --Nov 11-2002
The Nato chief was speaking in Brussels before
this month's Nato summit in Prague at which America is expected
to insist on the alliance setting up a multi-national rapid reaction force and on what
Lord Robertson described as a "dramatic overhaul" of
the transatlantic relationship.
Lord Robertson said: "We need modernised
forces able to go wherever they are needed, whenever they are
needed and to stay for as long as required."
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/11/09/wnato09.xml&sSheet=/news/2002/11/09/ixworld.html
NATO
to have 250,000 force to fight "anywhere"...Feb 21-2002
http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/story.jsp?story=134573
2.a.
EuroCorps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocorps 60,000 strong
Headquartered
in Strasburg, France
EURO
CORPS http://lexnet.bravepages.com/Eurocorp.htm
Eurocorps
is made up of detachments from five European Union countries:
Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain. ( "Old
Europe" )
Natioanalistically run by Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg
and Spain
They can only support EU, NATO and UN troops by five-fold
agreement.
Strasburg is also home to the multi-national support brigade ( 80
personnel )
Staff
of laison officers from the UK, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland,
Finland, Greece, Italy, Canada and Turkey. [ Ed: Notice the
inclusion of Socialist and Muslim countries ]
Is
this "Ashchenaz" ? ....Jeremiah 51:27
a Brigade = 3,000 troops
EuroCorp
also to work with: European Security and Defense Policy ESDP :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Security_and_Defence_Policy
and
Common Foreign Security Policy CFSP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy
Chief
of Staff:
German Lt. General Rainer Schuwirth to lead Euro-Army ( EuroCorp)
http://www.nato.int/shape/bios/cos/schuwirth.htm
NATO
Response Force ( supported by EuroCorps )
quoting G. Rainer Schuwirth:
"Another
important part of our operational role is building up the NATO
Response Force, a force that reached initial operational
capability in fall of 2004 and that should reach its full
operational capability in summer of 2006. At that time it should
comprise approximately 25,000 soldiers from all services and
branches, and, should it be required, the force would be mission
tailored. As the forces rotate, the NRF will include
approximately 25,000 well-trained, well-validated soldiers from
NATO nations, another 25,000 soldiers will be preparing for the
next standby period and 25,000 soldiers will just have finished
their standby period.
This means that by the end of the summer of 2006 some 75,000
Alliance soldiers will be engaged in preparing the NATO Response
Force, standing by for the NATO Response Force, or standing
down from the NATO Response Force. At that point, if everything
goes right and if the nations have invested in the right way, the
NATO Response Force will be a very important transformational
tool." -- Schuwirth
http://www.csdr.org/2005book/schuwirth.htm
http://www.afcea.org/signal/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=1010&z=8
Leader
of force son of Nazi http://www.vny.com/cf/News/upidetail.cfm?QID=139075
Eurocorps
to have German Marching Song
http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/sti/2001/05/27/stifgneur01003.html
The
real reason why the EU wants its own army: Mideast and US
"The EU is
... stirring up conflict that it supposedly wants to see resolved
by financing one side. This is inherently inhuman purpose of EU
humanitarian aid in the region. The Palestinians are playing the
ugly role of cannon fodder of Europe's hidden war against the
U.S.," [ ILKA ] Schroeder charged.
Schroeder, who has served in the European parliament since 1999,
is currently an independent member of the Confederal Group of the
European United Left/Nordic Green Left
http://www.crosswalk.com/news/1238927.html
EuroCorps
--- EDI European Defense Identity
On May 22,
1992, President Franáois Mitterrand of France and Chancellor
Helmut Kohl of Germany, drawing on the agreements reached at the
NATO and European Community summits, respectively, in late 1991
to develop a "European pillar" to NATO and to construct
a
European defense identity, announced the formation of
a "Eurocorps."
The Eurocorps, which will initially consist of between 35,000 and
40,000 troops, will be ready for action by 1995. It will
undertake three missions:
* action within the joint defense framework of the allies in
accordance with article 5 of the NATO treaty or in accordance
with the Western European Union (WEU) treaty
http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb-021.html
Western
Forces to review European army-- Dec. 5- 2000
But the BBC
defence correspondent, Jonathan Marcus, says the Americans and
others feel that France - which is not part of Nato's
integrated military structure - is pushing too hard for the EU to
have a significant planning capability of its own
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/europe/newsid_1055000/1055395.stm
European
army
Schuman
Declaration ( one in a series of essays )
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/archives.gb/dossiers/schuman/module03.html
Could a European Army be a major power ?
http://pub137.ezboard.com/ffighterplanesfrm7.showMessage?topicID=321.topic
Eurocorps
in Afghanistan -- August 6, 2004 ( to relieve ISAF Intern'l Security
Assistance Force....a mnf)
Eurocorps will take over command of the NATO-run international
peacekeeping force in the Afghan capital Kabul next Monday for
six months, the head of the five-nation military force
General
Jean-Louis Py said.
"It is an extremely important step for Eurocorps, which well
shows the synergy with NATO," Py said, describing himself as
a "conductor" whose role was to "put to
music" NATO decisions
Eurocorps
is made up of detachments from five European Union countries --
Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain.
It was created in 1992 by France and Germany and later put at the
service of the European Union and is certified as a NATO rapid
reaction force.
http://sg.news.yahoo.com/040806/1/3m8rq.html
Franco-German
brigade (Ashkenaz) 1999
Lady Thatcher, speaking this week, it has raised fears of a
slippery slope to a European army.
"The real drive towards a separate European defence is the
same as that towards a single European currency, which I am
against," Baroness Thatcher said, "namely the Utopian
venture of creating a single European superstate to rival America
on the world stage."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/557700.stm
European force modeled after NATO
Euro Air Group ( 6 ) UK,
France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands ( Holland)
Further on, as EU capabilities rise and remaining problem areas
become more distinct, ‘pooled’ forces may be
increasingly advocated as a way to increase European-wide
efficiencies. The model is the NATO Airborne Warning &
Control System (AWACS) force, with 18 aircraft funded by all
NATO member states, based in Germany and manned by
multinational crews. The aircraft are registered in Luxembourg.
Previously the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy also trained
their Tornado attack crew in this way in Cottesmore in Britain.
Suggestions have included a joint European air transport command
or joint Eurofighter force, which could build on existing
cooperation underway in the Euro Air Group, of which the
United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands
are members.
http://www.cdi.org/mrp/eu-security.cfm
4
European nations want own military --Sept 3, 2003
France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg in Tervuren, Belgium
http://www.guardian.co.uk/eu/story/0,7369,1031363,00.html
France
and Germany to unite....bilateral union
The authors point out that the
Franco-German special relationship has constantly weakened
lately. A bilateral Union between France and Germany is the
solution to reversing the trend and to foster deeper integration
EU-wide through a spill-over effect. The bilateral Union should
be open to other EU members if they want to join it at a later
stage. The Franco-German Union would be based on co-operation in
the following areas: economy, science and research, foreign
affairs, military co-operation, higher education, audio-visual
media (a model already exists in this issue, the Franco German
Arte TV). The blueprint envisages that the Union shall be based
on a Congress consisting of members of the French and German
Parliaments sitting together to address the issue falling in the
area of competence of the Union.
http://www.euobserver.com/index.phtml?selected_topic=9&action=view&article_id=2696
Turkey
and the Eurocorps
http://www.diplomatie.be/en/policy/policynotedetail.asp?TEXTID=49985
*
* * * *
EUROPE
AID -- MultiNational .... May 10, 2006
EU leaders are set to discuss a plan to create a
multinational rescue team which would be able to promptly react
to disasters such as terrorist acts or a tsunami.
The initiative – drawn up by former French foreign minister
and ex-commissioner Michel Barnier in a report
delivered to the Austrian chancellor Wolfgang Schussel on Tuesday
(9 May) - will be presented to the bloc's leaders at a top summit
in June
Under the plan, the "Europe Aid" force would have a
command centre in Brussels and a training centre to prepare
professionals employed by member states who would be sent to
disaster areas under both their own national flag and the EU's
flag.
The relief team would consist of around 5,000 experts, including
firefighters, technicians and medics and it could be launched by
2010, according to Mr Barnier.
http://euobserver.com/9/21551/?rk=1
EUROMARFOR -- Navy
European Maritime Force (EUROMARFOR).
EUROMARFOR was formed in 1995 by France, Italy,
Portugal and Spain to carry out naval,
air and amphibious missions for humanitarian
and peacekeeping operations
http://www.europaworld.org/week335/lebanon29208.html
United European Military
Germany's
Bundesweher : Federal Defence Force -- March 2, 2008 -- Jointly Allied INTERNATIONAL MISSIONS
German Navy : Deutsche Marine
Since the new Defence Policy Guidelines were published in
May 2003, additional tasks that go beyond the protection of
Germany's territory and citizens and the support of its NATO
alliance partners have become enshrined in official doctrine
The recognition of an expeditionary nature also signifies
the final steps in the shift from a defensive-orientated escort
force to a navy capable of deploying to, and operating unhindered
for extended periods off the shores of, global trouble spots.
This will include protection of vital sea lines of communications
(SLOCs) and coasts against conventional and asymmetrical threats,
according to Vice Adm Nolting.
The navy is also being called upon to support German or allied missions ashore
by co-ordinating and commanding joint forces,
gathering intelligence and providing surveillance, as well as
providing supplies, medical assistance and evacuation when
required.
http://www.janes.com/news/defence/naval/jni/jni080226_1_n.shtml
Spain, German,
Netherlands Air Force
Sachsen class F-124 Frigate
The ship incorporates the AN/SPY-1D Aegis Combat System
from Lockheed Martin Naval Electronics and Surveillance Systems.
The main missions of the ship are fleet protection, anti-air
warfare, operation as a flag ship for a combat group,
anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare.
In 1994, Spain entered an agreement with Germany and The
Netherlands, which provides cooperation in development and in
national construction of the frigates. In Spain, Izar is building
the F100, in The Netherlands, Royal
Schelde is building the LCF (De
Zeven Provincien Class) and in Germany the ARGE
124 group (Blohm and Voss as the leading yard,
Howaldtwerke-Deutsche Werft and Thyssen Nordseewerke) is building
the F124 (Sachsen Class). The
agreement covers cooperation on the ship platform and not on the
systems.
http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/f124/
Ed: -- War ... in the name of ."peace" is still war.
EU wants a United European Military
: contingents from all 27 EU nations -- July 14, 2007
PARIS: Troops from all 27 European
Union nations marched behind French President Nicolas
Sarkozy down the Champs-Elysees on Saturday, part of a revamped
Bastille Day party celebrating the revolution that rid France of
its monarchy.
Sarkozy, interested in a united
European military, shook up traditions for
his nation's biggest holiday, and invited EU contingents to join
for the first time.
Among those who joined Sarkozy to watch the rest of the parade
were Jose Manuel Barroso,
president of the European Commission; EU foreign policy chief
Javier Solana; and Portuguese Prime Minister Jose Socrates, whose country holds the rotating
EU presidency
The emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, also joined
them, to watch his son, an officer at France's elite Saint-Cyr
military academy, march down the Champs-Elysees.
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/14/europe/EU-GEN-France-Bastille-Day.php
European Common Defense -- July 16, 2007 " a parade of
armies"
"It was the first time that troops from
other EU states – including
30 soldiers from Germany's Bundeswehr - were
invited for the traditional parade, along with flag-bearers from
all the bloc's countries"
"The basis for a European defence exists. We
must make it grow," he said, adding "I want Europe to
be capable of ensuring its security autonomously."
http://euobserver.com/9/24483/?rk=1
3. European
Rapid Reaction Force http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rapid_Reaction_Force
Federally ( EU ) run. Not a standing army. Pulls from units
within EU member nations.
Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium
Basic background on the E-RRF...eurocorps
" It is not a European standing army or
designed to fight wars. Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium"
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097405.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/theissues/article/0,6512,400394,00.html
http://www.answers.com/topic/european-rapid-reaction-force
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/news/patten/rrf_17_01_01.htm
http://www.europeansecurity.net/esdpfaqs.html
EU Rapid Reaction Force -- Oct. 25, 2008
French President Nicholas Sarkozy ... wants the bloc's
existing military framework to have a new headquarters
and each member state to commit 1,500
troops to rapid reaction forces.
Mr Hutton [ UK Defense Minister ] also told the British
paper that he thought the plans for a European Union mission to
tackle piracy off the Somalian coast is a good example of how EU
forces can be used.
"Mr Sarkozy said the EU should construct a
unified military."
However, the UK, the largest of the EU's big-three
military spenders ahead of France and Germany, has until now
opposed the idea of a common EU force, arguing that it would
unnecessarily duplicate tasks performed by NATO.
According to the Lisbon Treaty, rejected in June by the Irish in
a referendum, the North Atlantic alliance
[ NATO ] "remains the foundation of the collective defence
of [EU] members," with NATO always
headed by a US general, however.
http://euobserver.com/13/27000
European Army -- Nov. 10, 2006
It is most unlikely that any 100,000-man
European army will be formed in the foreseeable
future ...
The EU army's significance is to exist as a proposal - a proposal
from Germany. Beck said that such a force should be
"linked" to NATO as a "partner," but
not "following" or "adhering" to the United
States, and this army, rather than being a threatening army,
should be "a global peace power," whatever that is.
http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/10/news/edpfaff.php
EU force
in Congo ( not to be confused with UN or mnf ) -- August 23, 2006
http://euobserver.com/9/22257/?rk=1
EU force wants its own "Pentagon"--Dec 17, 2002
want a "defense
secretary...high representative"
The European Union is drawing up plans for a "Euro-Pentagon"
in Brussels commanded by a defence chief
able to launch military operations anywhere in the world
The proposals call for an EU defence secretary
with responsibility for running operations.
His staff would be able to draw on an autonomous EU command and
control nexus and an intelligence agency with satellite
capability.
They are to be published today by the defence working group of the Convention on the Future of
Europe. They will form the basis of the military section in
the EU's draft constitution next June
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/12/17/weudef17.xml&sSheet=/news/2002/12/17/ixworld.html&secureRefresh=true
European
Force to have HQ in Brussels, Belgium EU quarter
"Sitcen"..."Situation Center"
Will the EU nations share Intelligence?
Just up the road in Brussels' EU quarter, their new
bug-proof premises will have strictly controlled access, secure
communications and encryption equipment, and duty officers round
the clock. Someone will be available, at all times, to speak for
Europe in a crisis. New procedures will be put in place to pool
national resources, allowing, say, Greek or Finnish telegrams to
reach a wider audience.
http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/eu/story/0,7369,488613,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/eu/story/0,7369,400212,00.html
European
Power 2002
It has a mandate to explore ideas for an EU foreign minister and
an elected European Commission president and will consider
giving the European Parliament full legislative powers. It will
also examine ways of incorporating the Charter of Fundamental
Rights into law
The final text, expected in summer next year,
will delimit the powers of the states and fix the role of the
Council of Europe, the commission, the parliament, and the
European Court of Justice, adapting the system to handle the
needs of an emerging power with its own currency, military arm,
police functions, diplomatic machinery, and array of powerful
regulatory agencies
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=VXSCHN2V0NP5DQFIQMFSFFWAVCBQ0IV0?xml=/news/2002/03/01/weur01.xml
European Battlegroups ready by January
2005 ( in 15 days time ) ..... Nov. 23, 2004
The British and the French, the driving forces behind the
scheme, will provide the first 1,500-strong battlegroup,
or "expeditionary force",
starting in January.
The unit is to be ready for action anywhere within 15
days of a decision by EU ministers. "These are combat
troops in their barracks with their boots on ready
to go," a British diplomat said
By taking the lead, the British hope to keep European
defence firmly rooted in the Atlantic alliance. But the French
elite talks of escaping Nato tutelage, turning
Europe into a military power that can stand up to the United
States.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content/displayPrintable.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/11/22/warmy22.xml&site=5
European
RRF
http://www.basicint.org/pubs/Papers/BP37.htm
European
Force to be headquartered in Brussels, Belgium --Sept. 3, 2003
Belgium said Tuesday that it would go ahead with plans to
build a European military command headquarters near Brussels
next year despite opposition from the United States and Britain.
Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt told a meeting of ambassadors to
his country that the new headquarters was necessary for Europe to
be able to "plan and execute European operations
autonomously" - in other words, without interference from
the United States.
The command center was first proposed following a mini-summit in
April by Belgium, France, Germany and Luxembourg, the four
European states that most vehemently opposed an American-led
invasion of Iraq and that had for a time had blocked involvement
by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
The European Union has long planned for
a common European military capacity that would allow
it to formulate and pursue a defense policy separate from that of
NATO's, which is dominated by the United States.
http://www.iht.com/articles/108592.html
European Global force -
Sept. 17, 2004
The EU's main project is a rapid reaction
force, a pool of 60,000 troops, 400 aircraft and 40
warships, backed by a military staff and an intelligence cell in
Brussels, supposedly ready for duty worldwide.
Critics say it remains a paper army, lacking the basic airlift to
project force overseas, or the sort of "smart" weapons
that dominate modern warfare.
http://news.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/09/18/weu18.xml
British, French form Rapid Deployment Force--March 2, 2004
French and British rapid reaction units
will be at the core of greater EU
military cooperation under plans to be unveiled this week.
The UK and France
envisages the new force acting with – but not exclusively
– the United Nations
[ UN ]
and maintaining a close relationship with NATO.
http://www.eupolitix.com/EN/News/200402/8a5dee75-7de1-4778-9994-7a439af74f6e.htm
Kelche
wants independent rapid reaction force...March 29, 2001
Mr Kelche reportedly insisted that the EU's proposed
60,000-strong rapid reaction force (RRF) would become operational
by the end of the year with or without Nato's agreement - and
could in future conduct operations independently of the Americans
and without necessarily obtaining their okay.
Contrary to what Mr Blair said during a visit to Mr Bush at Camp
David last month, Mr Kelche seemed to suggest that the RRF would
have to have its own, separate operational planning staff.
Furthermore, it would not give Nato a "right of first
refusal" over the use of European member countries' troops,
Mr Kelche said
http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,465123,00.html
Only two nations of any substance in Europe have
all-professional, all-regular forces, that is France and
Britain.
"You will have the problem of using wholly or largely
conscript forces," he said.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1031846.stm
UN requests 30,000 more EU
global troops; NATO agrees --Oct. 22, 2004
"I want to leave you in no doubt of how important
strengthened EU capacities are to the United Nations,"
Kofi Annan said during an address on EU-UN cooperation in crisis
management at the Forum on Europe at Dublin Castle.
The EU is in a position to provide specialized skills that
our largest troop contributors may not be able to give us, and to
deploy more rapidly than we can,"
he said.
That's why I welcome the development of EU capabilities in the
context of the European Security and
Defense Policy, and the progress that we are making
together in the field of crisis management."
The European Union wants to set up rapid-reaction battle groups
for troublespots around the globe....that could be deployed
within 10 days
Their most likely use would be to restore order or stabilise a
crisis zone and fill a crucial gap of up to three months until
a U.N. peacekeeping force can be deployed....The move has been
officially welcomed by the NATO alliance
First EU, then UN
The UN Secretary-General noted many people were alive today
because of the French-led Operation Artemis in the Congo,
which in turn handed over to a UN operation. He called Artemis
a model of EU cooperation with the UN.
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1362043,00.html
RRF ....
Two RR groups : 13
Tactical sections--
May 23, 2005
The European Union on May 23 launched two new “battle
group” rapid response forces, part of a growing number of
such units able to rush to crisis zones worldwide.
1. France, Germany and Spain agreed to set up one
such force,
2. while Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia and Germany
also signed an agreement to create another
at a meeting of EU defense ministers in Brussels.
http://defensenews.com/story.php?F=867150&C=europe
European RR force -- May 23, 2005
The ministers adopted proposals by the EU's foreign policy
chief, Javier Solana, which suggest that ministers should take a
decision to deploy forces to a region within five days and that
the forces should then be at the trouble spot within ten days.
The decision to set up the battle groups was taken late last year
and envisages groups of around 1,500 soldiers being deployable to
the world's hotspots within ten days of a unanimous decision by
member states.
http://euobserver.com/?aid=19128&rk=1
4. EDA -
European Defence Agency http://www.eda.eu.int/
http://www.eda.eu.int/background.htm
Javier Solana--Secretary-General--
former head of NATO;
current
head of Council of EU and WEU
Head
of EDA European Defense Agency
High Representative of CFSP (Common Foreign and
Security Police)
ESDI-
European Security and Defense Identity
European
Security www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/securityindex.html
Security
Policy
www.consilium.eu.int/pesc/pres.asp?lang=en
EU militarisation http://www.transnational.org/forum/meet/2001/EU_militarization_index.html
Telecommunications 3 C
From the Newswire:
Solana ( EDA ) wants AFVs ; coordination of FRES
European defence ministers have called for closer
industry co-operation in the development of new
armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs).
The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) responded to the
call by saying that it is very supportive of the efforts by the
EDA to streamline European procurement. It agreed that there were
inefficiencies in the procurement process but said that it was
not willing to delay its Future Rapid Effects System
(FRES) programme.
A spokesman for the MoD said: "We consider FRES to be the
most advanced AFV programme in Europe. We would not wish to do
anything to jeopardise this."
http://www.janes.com/regional_news/europe/news/jdi/jdi050525_1_n.shtml
FRES Future Rapid Effects System ( medium sized tanks )
http://www.defense-update.com/products/f/fres.htm
http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/09/uk-issues-several-fres-transformational-armored-vehicle-contracts/index.php
European Defense Agency --March 2, 2005
THE European Union is to develop unmanned
drones, new armoured vehicles and advanced
communication systems in a strategy to become a military
superpower and close the defence technology gap with the United
States. The programme involves setting up a joint EU
fighter-pilot training programme and co-ordinating the testing of
military equipment on proving grounds and in wind tunnels.
The initiatives from the newly-created European Defence Agency
represent the EU’s first step in military research and
development. They are aimed at transforming the EU from being
solely a political power, in charge of policies such as
agriculture and trade, to a military one, capable of
sending troops around the world to enforce a foreign policy
agreed by its member states
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-1506532,00.html
The international chain of command is tortuous and
many-layered. Javier Solana - the EU's foreign policy head
and a former Nato Secretary-General - is expected to take a
leading role in the command structure headed by the 15 EU
heads of government
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1032336.stm
5.
European Security Forces .... May 23-2002......headquartered
in Brussels, Belgium
Martial
Law component; ESDP European
Security and Defense Policy
European Spy Satellites
GMES -- Nov. 15, 2005 ..... ESA European
Space Agency
"pilot" system now up and running ; using existing
satellites
The European Union is building its own network of
spy satellites allowing Brussels
[ Ed : NATO
too? ] to ensure
nations [ Ed: outside the EU ? ] and
private individuals are obeying its
policies, it was announced yesterday.
The multi-billion-pound ( Ed : $) system, known
as "Global Monitoring for Environment and Security" (GMES),
boosting "internal security".
In addition, officials hope GMES will support the EU's first
steps towards becoming a military power.
It will "provide authorities with necessary elements for a European
Security and Defence Policy", the commission
memo said
US politicians are already suspicious of the ESA's "Galileo" project, a
30-satellite global navigation system designed to improve on the
Pentagon-controlled GPS system. The EU's invitation to
China to become a major investor only increased US
concern
Harmonising the use of national assets in space should mean
Europe does not need to launch a full set of new satellites
though some EU spacecraft are expected to be needed.
http://news.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/15/wgmes15.xml
Paranoia
Creep ---April 15, 2003
The Bush administration has made significant
contributions to the newspeak lexicon. The USA Patriot Act,
adopted soon after September 11 2001, is a prime example.
It significantly expanded US government powers to collect
information and conduct surveillance, whilst reducing legal
checks and balances. This is 'patriotic'. Opponents of the Act
are therefore unpatriotic, thus un-American and potentially
supporters of terrorism. Such use of language to create black and
white divisions can be highly effective in
suppressing even the most reasonable dissent.
http://www.euobserver.com/index.phtml?aid=10925
ESDP to strengthen with NATO --April 10, 2003
The 51-article report sets out ideas and
principles for the establishment of a more effective European
Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).
General Morillon calls for, amongst other things, an EU defence
clause (for those states willing to take this responsibility on),
additional capabilities which will strengthen NATO as well
reinforcing its European pillar, a common defence budget and a
common armaments agency.
Additionally, the report suggests the establishment of a joint
military college and the creation of 5,000-strong force
permanently ready to intervene for
humanitarian and rescue operations.
The Commissioner for External Relations Chris Patten also praised
the report particularly for recognising the importance of the
civilian aspects of crisis management. [ does this mean martial law ???? ]
http://www.euobserver.com/index.phtml?aid=10886
Blair:
strengthen ESDP role... March 27. 2003
Britain is well aware of the dangers of Europe
relying on the U.S. armed forces and we are encouraging our EU
partners to increase their defense spending. Improved
capabilities and the ability to operate effectively without
relying on U.S. troops lay behind Prime Minister Tony Blair's
initiative for a common European security
and defense policy (ESDP). This is also intended
to strengthen NATO by creating a better balance of contributions.
The alliance will flourish only as long as both sides of the
Atlantic shoulder the burden.
http://www.iht.com/articles/91172.html
From 22 - 28 May the European Union carries out
its first exercise of crisis management, denominated CME 02, within the framework of
the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).
The purpose of the exercise is to evaluate the capacity of the
EU’s existing structures and procedures for crisis
management, testing the way both civil
and military instruments would operate in a real situation.
In 2003, the EU will be doing its next crisis
management exercise (CME 03), which will be done
on a more advanced level and in co-operation with Nato.
At that time it will be decided if the EU would be using Nato
assets or not.
Exercise CME 02 will be developed in Brussels
and the capitals of the 15 member states with participation of
the 15 EU member states, the Council, the Secretary General of
the Council, Javier Solana, the Commission and the EU
satellite centre located in Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid.
[Spain]
http://www.euobserver.com/index.phtml?selected_topic=9&action=view&article_id=6368
6. EUROGENDFOR -- E.
Police Force ( with Global reach )
EU police to Afghanistan
-- Dec. 14, 2006
EUOBSERVER / BRUSSELS - The prospect of EU
policemen going to Afghanistan to train locals became
a shade more realistic at the EU summit in Brussels on Thursday
(14 December), with EU top diplomat Javier Solana telling
European leaders that Kabul would welcome the mission.
"All of the EU's partners there - NATO,
the UN, NGOs - are also open to having an EU presence
in the area of creating a police force."
http://euobserver.com/9/23112/?rk=1
EGF
The French Gendarmerie general Gérard Deanaz
was appointed first commander of EUROGENDFOR at
the close of the meeting of the EGF’s political-military
committee on January 21st, 2005.
A company of specialized personnel in the fields
of detective police, fight against organized crime, searching and
working on intelligence, protection of important people or
witnesses, population movement control,
anti-terrorist struggle and specialized intervention, is
to work alongside with Gendarmerie mobile
squadrons.
It is first and foremost put at the disposal of the European
Union, then at the disposal of international organizations (UNO,
NATO, OSCE), or ad hoc coalitions. It is meant as an integrated
police tool, comprising police duties as a whole, and gathering
all relating missions, such as maintaining public order, public
safety, detective police, and intelligence research and work.
http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/defense/english_contents/news/eurogendfor_the_european_gendarmerie_force
Global RR Police Force (
Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands )
Italy : 30 day - Gendarmerie -- Jan 23, 2006
A European military police force primed for rapid deployment worldwide was formally inaugurated in
Verona on Monday by defence and interior ministers from the five
participating EU countries.
The force, to be based at Vicenza in northern Italy,
will be ready to intervene in situations where law and order
needs to be restored in post-conflict situations, or to help in
transitions from military to civilian operations.
Headquarters staff at the new European Gendarmerie will
consist of 30 officers from the five countries, led by Colonel
Pietro Barbano of Italy's Carabinieri. The Gendarmerie will
have a rapid-reaction element, led by a French general,
which will be capable of deploying 800 troops within 30 days'
notice
http://www.eubusiness.com/afp/060123134223.xk4swmn1
EGF European
Gendarmerie Force -- 2005
Vicenza is the seat of Camp Ederle - the third largest
US base in Italy.
The EGF involves the French Gendarmerie, the Italian
Carabinieri, the Portuguese Guardia Nacional Republicana, the
Dutch Royal Marechausee and the Spanish Civil Guard.
..... to provide up to 5,000 police officers
for international missions across the range of
conflict prevention and crisis management operations. Member
States have also undertaken to be able to identify and deploy up
to 1,000 police officers within 30 days."
http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/03eu-gendarmarie.htm
Global Police Unit
http://www.statewatch.org/news/dec00/nonmil.htm
________________________________________________________
French Gen. also in
command at UNIFIL
Major-general Alain Pellegrini
has been in command of the United Nations Interim
Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) since February 2004.
Established in March 1978 after UN resolutions 425 and 426 .....
The mandate of UNIFIL, meant to end at the close of January 2006,
was extended until 31 July 2006 by
resolution 1655 of the United Nations Security Council.
:http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/defense/english_contents/news/a_french_general_in_command_of_unifil
7. KFOR ........... EU-NATO-US Control over Kosovo -- Feb. 18, 2008
-- any outside authority will do
"independence" in name only
Dubbed EULEX,
[ Ed: lex is Latin for "law" ] the mission has
three components -
1. a rule of law mission,
2. an EU special representative who
will also chair an International
Civilian Office there,
3. and a European Commission unit leading economic development
and reform
"all areas related to the rule of law, in
particular in the police, judiciary, customs
and correctional services"
the head of EULEX mission, Yves de Kermabon,
Over 120 days, the 27-nation bloc will deploy more than
2,000 police, customs officers, judges and prosecutors in Kosovo
territory. Member states will participate differently
in the mission, Romania will send 175 people for
example, while Belgium will send 45 and Slovakia eight.
Several non-EU states
are also taking part in the mission, including the United States,
Turkey,
Switzerland, Croatia and Norway. The international staff will be
accompanied by 1,000 locals.
But any major security threats in Kosovo will be
primarily dealt with by the 17,000-strong NATO-led forces, KFOR
Serbia has called the EU's presence "an
occupation", with the country's deputy prime minister
Bozidar Djelic handing a formal protest to Slovenian Ambassador
to Belgrade Miroslav Luci, whose country currently holds the EU's
presidency.
"The Government of Serbia considers this decision, made
outside the auspices of the United Nations Security Council,
illegal," Belgrade's statement was cited as saying by AFP
news agency.
http://euobserver.com/9/25673/?rk=1
Forces airlifted into Kosovo -- Feb. 18, 2008
The European Union is sending a 2,000-personnel “peace and
justice” force, plus 1,000 British troops who were described
in London as having exhausted the fighting strength of Britain,
which has troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. These are on top of the
15,000 NATO troops permanently stationed in Kosovo.
In comparison, there are about 45,000 international troops
fighting in Afghanistan, a country 65 times larger than Kosovo
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080218.wkosovo18/BNStory/International/home
COSI
Take but one example. Article 61 states: "A standing
committee shall be set up within the Council in order to ensure
that operational cooperation on internal security is promoted and
strengthened within the Union."
This sounds unexceptionable. Yet what is envisaged here is
a powerful new EU interior department, called the Standing Committee on Internal Security
(COSI).
When MPs recently debated the treaty's justice and home affairs
provisions, Jacqui Smith, the Home Secretary, did not even
mention COSI. She sought to define this aspect of the treaty
solely in terms of enhanced cross-border cooperation against
crime and terrorism, as though that cannot be achieved without
setting up an EU Interior Ministry that will
rival, or exceed, her own department in importance.
The EU already has
1. an embryonic police force (Europol),
2. a courts arm (Eurojust),
3. a paramilitary riot squad (European
Gendarmerie Force),
4. a European Arrest Warrant,
and will now, under Lisbon, have
5. a European public prosecutor and
what could become
6. an interior ministry (COSI) to
pull it all together
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/02/11/do1102.xml
ESRP European Security
Research Programme
"Arming Big Brother" -- May 1, 2006
"The EU is basically funding the diversification of
the 'military-industrial complex' into the highly profitable internal
security field," said [ Ben ] Hayes.
"The militarisation of policing and border controls will not
prevent crime or terrorism. It does nothing to address 'root
causes' while posing a massive threat to civil
liberties," he added
http://euobserver.com/13/21422
Why
are there so many different forces that seem to duplicate their
missions ??
Answer :
Page 36 ... an American at
the helm of the EU ? ( please wait for article to
download : )
well worth the wait !
http://www.psqonline.org/cgi-bin/99_article.cgi?byear=1996&bmonth=spring&a=01free&format=view Robert J. Art
Ed: Perhaps he will be as a "Foreign Minister"..
Germany www.cybertime.net/~ajgood/germany.html
Salvation www.cybertime.net/~ajgood/sal.htm
Bible www.blueletterbible.org